600-4497-01 USPP 600449701在光伏產業(yè)興起之前，逆變器或者逆變技術主要被應用到了如軌道交通，電源等行業(yè)。當光伏產業(yè)興起之后，光伏逆變器變成了新能源發(fā)電系統中的核心設備，隨之被大家所熟悉。尤其在歐美發(fā)達國家，由于節(jié)能環(huán)保觀念深入人心，光伏市場開展的較早，特別是家用光伏系統發(fā)展迅速，在很多的國家，家用型逆變器已經被當做家用電器在使用，普及率較高。
600-4497-01 USPP 600449701光伏逆變器把光伏組件產生的直流電轉換成交流電后饋入電網，逆變器的性能和可靠性決定著發(fā)電的電能質量和發(fā)電效益，因此光伏逆變器在整個光伏發(fā)電系統里處于一個核心地位。
一般而言，從逆變器和電網的關系來進行分類，光伏逆變器會分為以下幾個主要的類別
并網(Grid-connected)逆變器
離網(Solo)逆變器
雙向(Bi-direction)逆變器
微網(Smart grid)逆變器
600-4497-01 USPP 600449701其中，并網逆變器在所有類別中占據了主要的市場份額，也是所有逆變器技術發(fā)展的一個開始。相對于其它幾類逆變器，并網逆變器從技術上相對簡單，重點關注光伏輸入和電網輸出，能夠安全、可靠、高效、高質量的輸出電能成為了這類逆變器重點衡量的技術指標。在不同國家制定的光伏逆變器并網技術條件中，以上幾點成為了標準的共性衡量點，當然細節(jié)的參數有所不同。針對并網型逆變器，所有的技術要求都是圍繞著滿足電網對分布式發(fā)電系統的要求展開的，更多的要求來自于電網對逆變器的要求，即自上而下的要求，如電壓，頻率規(guī)格，電能質量要求，發(fā)生安全，故障時候的控制要求。以及如何并網，并入什么電壓等級的電網等等要求，因此并網型逆變器總歸是要滿足電網的要求即可，它沒有來自于發(fā)電系統內部的要求。而且從技術上而言，非常重要的一點是并網型逆變器是“并網發(fā)電”，即符合并網條件即發(fā)電，它不承擔電網本身的穩(wěn)定性，安全性等問題，也不涉及到光伏系統內的能源管理問題，因此它是簡單的。就像它產生的電的商業(yè)模式一樣來的簡單。據國外的統計數據，目前已經建設并運行的光伏系統中，大約有超過90%都是光伏并網系統，都采用的是并網逆變器，為了清晰的說明以上觀點，請參考下面的并網型光伏電站系統圖。
光伏電站系統圖
圖1 并網型光伏電站系統圖
600-4497-01 USPP 600449701和并網逆變器相互對立的一類逆變器就是離網逆變器。離網型逆變器指的是逆變器輸出不和電網相聯，而是和負載相聯，直接帶動負載供電。離網逆變器應用是較少的，主要在一些偏遠地區(qū)，不具備并網條件，并網條件差，或者有自發(fā)電，自用電需求的場合下，離網系統強調的是“自發(fā)自用”。離網逆變器由于應用少，因此在技術上研究、發(fā)展的都很少。在國際上關于離網逆變器的技術條件，標準也很少，這就導致了該類逆變器研究，開發(fā)的越來越少，呈現萎縮的態(tài)勢。但離網逆變器所具有的功能，涉及到的技術卻并不簡單，特別是和儲能電池的配合，整個系統的控制和管理都比并網型逆變器要復雜。應該說，由離網逆變器，光伏板，蓄電池，負載等其它設備組成的系統已經是一個簡單的微電網系統，唯一一點是該系統不和電網相聯，是一個“孤島系統”。
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