一、引 言
FOXBORO D3001MT目前社會需求已經(jīng)不再是用電力電子技術(shù)來解決問題，而是電能處理的系統(tǒng)集成。一種更為綜合性的多學(xué)科的解決方案迫在眉睫。我們將會看到能量存儲系統(tǒng)等級的激增。而越來越多的可再生能源和分布式發(fā)電機需要新的電網(wǎng)運行和管理控制策略來保證甚至改善供電的質(zhì)量和可靠性。電力電子在能量系統(tǒng)中的廣泛滲透將會在未來25到3O年內(nèi)發(fā)生，但對目前主要的輸電的網(wǎng)絡(luò)不會有大的影響。電力電子的進步主要集中在分布式發(fā)電和各種負載中的應(yīng)用。在分布式發(fā)電和將可再生能源集成到電網(wǎng)中，電力電子技術(shù)扮演著重要的角色，并且由于這些應(yīng)用變成更多的與基于電網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)集成，電力電子技術(shù)被廣泛地應(yīng)用并迅速地擴展。
二、風(fēng)能發(fā)電技術(shù)的現(xiàn)狀
FOXBORO D3001MT風(fēng)能發(fā)電已經(jīng)正在變成為被廣泛接受的發(fā)電技術(shù)。伴隨著風(fēng)電技術(shù)的開發(fā)在世界各國的不斷發(fā)展，風(fēng)力發(fā)電呈現(xiàn)出以下主要特點：裝機規(guī)模不斷擴大，風(fēng)電發(fā)電量占世界總電量的比例逐年增加，從占總量的不到1‰發(fā)展到2004年的5‰；發(fā)電機單機容量不斷擴大。作為提高風(fēng)能利用率和發(fā)電效益的有效途徑，發(fā)電機單機容量從1997年以前的500～750kw主流機型發(fā)展到目前3.6MW機組的批量安裝；海上風(fēng)電場逐步商業(yè)化。海上風(fēng)電場具有風(fēng)速高、風(fēng)力穩(wěn)定、各種干擾少、發(fā)電量大等特點，可以有效利用風(fēng)電機組的發(fā)電容量；風(fēng)力發(fā)電成本不斷降低。風(fēng)電的建設(shè)投資成本較高，但營運費用很低。
三、電力電子在風(fēng)力發(fā)電技術(shù)中的應(yīng)用
FOXBORO D3001MT最近五年世界風(fēng)力渦輪發(fā)電機市場平均每年以30％多的速度增長，風(fēng)能在發(fā)電中已經(jīng)開始占據(jù)越來越重要的作用?，F(xiàn)有市場上風(fēng)力渦輪發(fā)電機采用的設(shè)計技術(shù)也有很大的不同。這些不同主要反映在風(fēng)力渦輪和發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的結(jié)合上。一種轉(zhuǎn)速取決于風(fēng)速的風(fēng)力發(fā)電技術(shù)已經(jīng)被應(yīng)用到風(fēng)力發(fā)電市場上，這是為了盡量大的獲取有風(fēng)力提供的能量?？勺兯亠L(fēng)力渦輪發(fā)電機技術(shù)每年可以捕獲的能量比定速技術(shù)高5％，并且其中的無功功率和有功功率都比較容易控制，也能使電網(wǎng)電壓得到控制，因為它產(chǎn)生的無功功率是可變的?？勺兯贉u輪發(fā)電機的缺點就是需要電力轉(zhuǎn)換裝置，這樣不僅增加了部件數(shù)量也增加了控制的復(fù)雜度。其中應(yīng)用電力電子技術(shù)所花的總成本是整個風(fēng)力渦輪發(fā)電機的7％。由于快速處理大功率的半導(dǎo)體開關(guān)器件技術(shù)和高級復(fù)雜算法的計算機實時控制技術(shù)的引入電力電子技術(shù)經(jīng)歷了很大的發(fā)展和變化，這些因素綜合起來就導(dǎo)致了低損耗并且和電網(wǎng)兼容性好的變流器的出現(xiàn)。這也使得近年來變速風(fēng)渦輪發(fā)電機得到了很大的發(fā)展。
1）利用雙反饋感應(yīng)發(fā)電機（DFIG）的變速技術(shù)：這種強迫開關(guān)的功率變流器的原理圖如圖1所示。變流器包括兩個三相AC—DC功率變流器，兩者由一個直流電容器電池鏈接。這種結(jié)構(gòu)一方面保證對機器的有功功率和無功功率進行矢量控制，另一方面還能減少功率變流器注入電網(wǎng)的諧波大小。
2）全部采用功率變流器的可變速技術(shù)：發(fā)電機跟電網(wǎng)完全解耦。FOXBORO D3001MT發(fā)電機的能量整流到直流鏈然后被轉(zhuǎn)換成電網(wǎng)可以接受的交流能量。大多數(shù)這種風(fēng)力渦輪發(fā)電機采用多極同步發(fā)電機，雖然它也可能（但是較少）采用感應(yīng)發(fā)電機和齒輪箱。不采用齒輪箱有很多優(yōu)點：降低損耗，消除這類昂貴重的部件引起的較低的成本，和由于減少旋轉(zhuǎn)的機械部件而使可靠性增加。
圖2給出了這種適用于風(fēng)力渦輪發(fā)電機的全功率變流器的原理圖。機側(cè)利用矢量控制策略的三相變流器作為驅(qū)動器工作控制轉(zhuǎn)矩發(fā)電機。兩側(cè)三相變流器則使風(fēng)能轉(zhuǎn)化的電能進入電網(wǎng)并且能夠控制進入電網(wǎng)的無功功率和有功功率大小。它也要保持總諧波畸變因數(shù)（THD）盡量低，以改善輸送到公共電網(wǎng)中的電能質(zhì)量。直流鏈的目的是用作為能量儲存，這樣由風(fēng)捕獲的能量儲存為電容器中的電荷，然后可以即時地注入到電網(wǎng)中。控制信號的作用是為直流鏈I壓Vdc保持一個固定的參考值。
3）半導(dǎo)體器件技術(shù)：
FOXBORO D3001MT為了改善應(yīng)塌在風(fēng)力渦輪發(fā)電機中電力電子變頻驅(qū)動裝置的性能和可靠性，需要具有更好電氣特性、更低價格的電力半導(dǎo)體器件，因為器件性能決定了用作風(fēng)力渦輪發(fā)電機接口的整個電力電子部分的大小、重量和成本。
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