DCS為分散控制系統(tǒng)的英文（TOTAL DISTRIBUTED CONTROL SYSTEM）簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)。指的是控制危險(xiǎn)分散、管理和顯示集中。60年代末有人研制了作邏輯運(yùn)算的可編程序控制器（Programmable Logic Controller）。簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)PLC。主要應(yīng)用于汽車(chē)制造業(yè)。70年代中期以完成模擬量控制的DCS推向市場(chǎng)，F(xiàn)oxboro AP51B代替以PID運(yùn)算為主的模擬儀表控制。首先提出DCS這樣一種思想的是原制造儀表的廠商，當(dāng)時(shí)主要應(yīng)用于化工行業(yè)。后又有計(jì)算機(jī)行業(yè)從事DCS的開(kāi)發(fā)。70年代微機(jī)技術(shù)還不成熟，計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)還不夠發(fā)達(dá)。操作站、控制器、I/O板和網(wǎng)絡(luò)接口板等都是DCS生產(chǎn)廠家自行開(kāi)發(fā)的，也就是所有部件都是專(zhuān)用的。
70年代初，有人用如PDP/1124這樣的小型機(jī)代替原來(lái)的集中安裝的模擬儀表控制。連接到中央控制室的電纜很多。如用小型機(jī)既作為控制器、同時(shí)把連接小型機(jī)的CRT又作為顯示設(shè)備（即人機(jī)界面）。一Foxboro AP51B臺(tái)小型機(jī)需接收幾千臺(tái)變送器或別的傳感器來(lái)的信號(hào)，完成幾百個(gè)回路的運(yùn)算。很顯然其危險(xiǎn)有點(diǎn)集中。和模擬儀表連接的電纜一樣多，并且一旦小型機(jī)壞了，控制和顯示都沒(méi)有了。數(shù)字控制沒(méi)有達(dá)到預(yù)期的目的。
后有人提出把控制和顯示分開(kāi)。一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)完成控制計(jì)算任務(wù)，另一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)完成顯示任務(wù)。另外，一個(gè)工藝過(guò)程作為被控對(duì)象可能需要顯示和控制的點(diǎn)很多，其中有一些還需要閉環(huán)控制或邏輯運(yùn)算，工藝過(guò)程作為被控對(duì)象的各個(gè)部分會(huì)有相對(duì)獨(dú)立性，可以分成若干個(gè)獨(dú)立的工序，再把在計(jì)算機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)中獨(dú)立的工序上需要顯示和控制的輸入、輸出的點(diǎn)分配到數(shù)臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)中去，把原來(lái)由一臺(tái)小型機(jī)完成的運(yùn)算任務(wù)由幾臺(tái)或幾十臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)（控制器）去完成。其中一臺(tái)機(jī)器壞了不影響全局。所謂“狼群代替老虎”的戰(zhàn)術(shù)，這就是危險(xiǎn)分散的意思。把顯示、操作、打印等管理功能集中在一起，用網(wǎng)絡(luò)把上述完成控制和顯示的兩部分連成一個(gè)系統(tǒng)。當(dāng)時(shí)有人把這種系統(tǒng)稱(chēng)為集散系統(tǒng)。
危險(xiǎn)究竟要分散到多少算合適呢？這與當(dāng)時(shí)的計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的發(fā)展水平有關(guān)。70年代中期，徹底分散就是一個(gè)控制器完成一個(gè)回路的運(yùn)算。當(dāng)時(shí)由于人們對(duì)數(shù)字技術(shù)不太熟息，習(xí)慣于模擬儀表，70年代末、80年代曾經(jīng)風(fēng)行回路控制器，把數(shù)字控制器做成和原來(lái)模擬儀表在外觀上幾乎完全一樣，不改變操作習(xí)慣，內(nèi)部把PID運(yùn)算數(shù)字化。一塊儀表（一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)）完成一個(gè)回路的控制任務(wù)。其價(jià)格較為昂貴，但危險(xiǎn)是分散了。然后用通訊網(wǎng)絡(luò)把各個(gè)控制器和以CRT為基礎(chǔ)的人機(jī)界面連成一個(gè)系統(tǒng)。這時(shí)網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)通常都是星形結(jié)構(gòu)?；芈返目刂破鞯闹谱鞒杀咎?，價(jià)格/性能比不好。后來(lái)為了減低成本，就有兩回路的、四回路的控制器，它的價(jià)格/性能比稍好一些。對(duì)于一個(gè)大中型系統(tǒng)來(lái)說(shuō)，DCS的價(jià)格/性能比比回路控制器組成的系統(tǒng)要好。有些特殊地方還是要用到一些回路控制器。
Foxboro AP51B如果所要完成的回路太多，如一個(gè)控制器采集幾千點(diǎn)、完成幾百個(gè)回路的運(yùn)算，危險(xiǎn)又太集中。在這種情況下，危險(xiǎn)必需分散。隨著計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，計(jì)算機(jī)的運(yùn)算能力、存儲(chǔ)容量和可靠性不斷提高，一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)所完成的任務(wù)也可以增加。完成的任務(wù)也可集中一點(diǎn)。另外，控制器、網(wǎng)絡(luò)等冗余技術(shù)也得到了發(fā)展，控制運(yùn)算也可集中一些。
從目前的DCS來(lái)看，一個(gè)控制器完成幾十個(gè)回路的運(yùn)算和幾百點(diǎn)的采集、再加適量的邏輯運(yùn)算，經(jīng)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)使用，效果是比較好的。這就產(chǎn)生控制器升級(jí)的問(wèn)題了。有時(shí)控制器和檢測(cè)元件的距離還是比較遠(yuǎn)，這就促進(jìn)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線(xiàn)的發(fā)展。如CAN、LOONWORKS、FF等現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線(xiàn)，以及HART協(xié)議接收板等都用到DCS系統(tǒng)中。
DCS分為三大部分，帶I/O板的控制器、通訊網(wǎng)絡(luò)和人機(jī)界面（HMI）。由I/O板通過(guò)端子板直接與生產(chǎn)過(guò)程相連，讀取傳感器來(lái)的信號(hào)。I/O板有幾種不同的類(lèi)型，每一種I/O板都有相應(yīng)的端子板。
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