FOXBORO P0912AS集散控制系統(tǒng)簡(jiǎn)稱DCS，也可直譯為“分散控制系統(tǒng)”或“分布式計(jì)算機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)”。它采用控制分散、操作和管理集中的基本設(shè)計(jì)思想，采用多層分級(jí)、合作自治的結(jié)構(gòu)形式。其主要特征是它的集中管理和分散控制。目前DCS在電力、冶金、石化等各行各業(yè)都獲得了極其廣泛的應(yīng)用。
DCS通常采用分級(jí)遞階結(jié)構(gòu)，如圖1所示，每一級(jí)由若干子系統(tǒng)組成，每一個(gè)子系統(tǒng)實(shí)現(xiàn)若干特定的有限目標(biāo)，形成金字塔結(jié)構(gòu)。
DCS
FOXBORO P0912AS可靠性是DCS發(fā)展的生命，要保證DCS的高可靠性主要有三種措施：一是廣泛應(yīng)用高可靠性的硬件設(shè)備和生產(chǎn)工藝；二是廣泛采用冗余技術(shù)；三是在軟件設(shè)計(jì)上廣泛實(shí)現(xiàn)系統(tǒng)的容錯(cuò)技術(shù)、故障自診斷和自動(dòng)處理技術(shù)等。當(dāng)今大多數(shù)集散控制系統(tǒng)的MTBF可達(dá)幾萬(wàn)甚至幾十萬(wàn)小時(shí)。
1、集散控制系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)
近年來(lái)，在DCS關(guān)聯(lián)領(lǐng)域有許多新進(jìn)展，主要表現(xiàn)在如下一些方面。
(1)系統(tǒng)功能向開(kāi)放式方向發(fā)展傳統(tǒng)DCS的結(jié)構(gòu)是封閉式的，不同制造商的DCS之間難以兼容。而開(kāi)放式的DCS將可以賦予用戶更大的系統(tǒng)集成自主權(quán)，用戶可根據(jù)實(shí)際需要選擇不同廠商的設(shè)備連同軟件資源連入控制系統(tǒng)，達(dá)到最佳的系統(tǒng)集成。FOXBORO P0912AS這里不僅包括DCS與DCS的集成，更包括DCS與PLC、FCS及各種控制設(shè)備和軟件資源的廣義集成。
(2)儀表技術(shù)向數(shù)字化、智能化、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化方向發(fā)展工業(yè)控制設(shè)備的智能化、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化發(fā)展，可以促使過(guò)程控制的功能進(jìn)一步分散下移，實(shí)現(xiàn)真正意義上的“全數(shù)字”、“全分散”控制。另外，由于這些智能儀表具有的精度高、重復(fù)性好、可靠性高，并具備雙向通信和自診斷功能等特點(diǎn)，致使系統(tǒng)的安裝、使用和維護(hù)工作更為方便。
(3)工控軟件正向先進(jìn)控制方向發(fā)展廣泛應(yīng)用各種先進(jìn)控制與優(yōu)化技術(shù)是挖掘并提升DCS綜合性能最有效、最直接、也是最具價(jià)值的發(fā)展方向，主要包括先進(jìn)控制、過(guò)程優(yōu)化、信息集成、系統(tǒng)集成等軟件的開(kāi)發(fā)和產(chǎn)業(yè)化應(yīng)用。在未來(lái)，工業(yè)控制軟件也將繼續(xù)向標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化、智能化和開(kāi)放性發(fā)展方向。
(4)系統(tǒng)架構(gòu)向FCS方向發(fā)展單純從技術(shù)而言，現(xiàn)階段現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線集成于DCS可以有三種方式：①現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線于DCS系統(tǒng)I/O總線上的集成――通過(guò)一個(gè)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線接口卡掛在DCS的I/O總線上，使得在DCS控制器所看到的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線來(lái)的信息就如同來(lái)自一個(gè)傳統(tǒng)的DCS設(shè)備卡一樣。例如Fisher-Rosemount公司推出的DeltaV系統(tǒng)采用的就是此種集成方案。②現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線于DCS系統(tǒng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)層的集成――FOXBORO P0912AS就是在DCS更高一層網(wǎng)絡(luò)上集成現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線系統(tǒng)，這種集成方式不需要對(duì)DCS控制站進(jìn)行改動(dòng)，對(duì)原有系統(tǒng)影響較小。如Smar公司的302系列現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線產(chǎn)品可以實(shí)現(xiàn)在DCS系統(tǒng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)層集成其現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線功能。③現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線通過(guò)網(wǎng)關(guān)與DCS系統(tǒng)并行集成――現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線和DCS還可以通過(guò)網(wǎng)關(guān)橋接實(shí)現(xiàn)并行集成。如SUPCON的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線系統(tǒng)，利用HART協(xié)議網(wǎng)橋連接系統(tǒng)操作站和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)儀表，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線設(shè)備管理系統(tǒng)操作站與HART協(xié)議現(xiàn)場(chǎng)儀表之間的通信功能。
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