P0973BP
控制系統(tǒng)中干擾及其來源
現(xiàn)場(chǎng)電磁干擾是PLC控制系統(tǒng)中最常見也是最易影響系統(tǒng)可靠性的因素之一,所謂治標(biāo)先治本,找出問題所在,才能提出解決問題的辦法。因此必須知道現(xiàn)場(chǎng)干擾的源頭。
(1) 干擾源及一般分類
影響PLC控制系統(tǒng)的干擾源,大都產(chǎn)生在電流或電壓劇烈變化的部位,其原因是電流改變產(chǎn)生磁場(chǎng),對(duì)設(shè)備產(chǎn)生電磁輻射;磁場(chǎng)改變產(chǎn)生電流,電磁高速產(chǎn)生電磁波。通常電磁干擾按干擾模式不同,分為共模干擾和差模干擾。共模干擾是信號(hào)對(duì)地的電位差,主要由電網(wǎng)串入、地電位差及空間電磁輻射在信號(hào)線上感應(yīng)的共態(tài)(同方向)電壓疊加所形成。共模電壓通過不對(duì)稱電路可轉(zhuǎn)換成差模電壓,直接影響測(cè)控信號(hào),造成元器件損壞(這就是一些系統(tǒng)I/O模件損壞率較高的主要原因),這種共模干擾可為直流,亦可為交流。差模干擾是指作用于信號(hào)兩極間的干擾電壓,主要由空間電磁場(chǎng)在信號(hào)間耦合感應(yīng)及由不平衡電路轉(zhuǎn)換共模干擾所形成的電壓,這種干擾疊加在信號(hào)上,直接影響測(cè)量與控制精度。
(2) PLC系統(tǒng)中干擾的主要來源及途徑
a. 強(qiáng)電干擾
PLC系統(tǒng)的正常供電電源均由電網(wǎng)供電。由于電網(wǎng)覆蓋范圍廣,它將受到所有空間電磁干擾而在線路上感應(yīng)電壓。尤其是電網(wǎng)內(nèi)部的變化,刀開關(guān)操作浪涌、大型電力設(shè)備起停、交直流傳動(dòng)裝置引起的諧波、電網(wǎng)短路暫態(tài)沖擊等,都通過輸電線路傳到電源原邊。
b. 柜內(nèi)干擾
控制柜內(nèi)的高壓電器,大的電感性負(fù)載,混亂的布線都容易對(duì)PLC造成一定程度的干擾。
c. 來自信號(hào)線引入的干擾
與PLC控制系統(tǒng)連接的各類信號(hào)傳輸線,除了傳輸有效的各類信息之外,總會(huì)有外部干擾信號(hào)侵入。此干擾主要有兩種途徑:一是通過變送器供電電源或共用信號(hào)儀表的供電電源串入的電網(wǎng)干擾,這往往被忽視;二是信號(hào)線受空間電磁輻射感應(yīng)的干擾,即信號(hào)線上的外部感應(yīng)干擾,這是很嚴(yán)重的。由信號(hào)引入干擾會(huì)引起I/O信號(hào)工作異常和測(cè)量精度大大降低,嚴(yán)重時(shí)將引起元器件損傷。
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