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電機(jī)分批自啟動(dòng)技術(shù)在石油化工等連續(xù)生產(chǎn)企業(yè)中有著廣泛的用途。以PLC為核心控制單元的電機(jī)分批自啟動(dòng)系統(tǒng)具有以下功能及特點(diǎn):
1、能夠?qū)崟r(shí)地監(jiān)控電機(jī)的運(yùn)行狀態(tài);
2、記憶電網(wǎng)波動(dòng)前電機(jī)的運(yùn)行狀態(tài),只有在電網(wǎng)波動(dòng)前處于運(yùn)行狀態(tài)而且在電網(wǎng)波動(dòng)時(shí)停機(jī)的電機(jī)才具備電機(jī)自啟動(dòng)條件;
3、準(zhǔn)確及時(shí)地捕獲電網(wǎng)電壓信息。
4、分批自啟動(dòng)的電機(jī)按照工藝流程需要,在PLC中預(yù)先設(shè)置,同時(shí)為避免多臺(tái)電機(jī)在自啟動(dòng)中對(duì)電網(wǎng)的影響、電機(jī)分批自啟動(dòng)中采用分批延時(shí)處理方式;
5、具有多路輸入和多路輸出功能,實(shí)現(xiàn)多臺(tái)電機(jī)自啟動(dòng)集中控制;
6、具備遠(yuǎn)程通信接口,實(shí)現(xiàn)與上位機(jī)或DCS系統(tǒng)的通信,在上位機(jī)或DCS系統(tǒng)中方便地對(duì)該系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行監(jiān)控和維護(hù)。
洛陽(yáng)石油化工總廠的2套PLC電機(jī)分批自啟動(dòng)設(shè)備,采用西門(mén)于S7-300系列PLC,它以CPU313為中央處理單元,每執(zhí)行1000條二進(jìn)制指令約需 0.7ms。S7—300同時(shí)具備128點(diǎn)數(shù)字量輸入/輸出和32路模擬量輸入/輸出,12KB的RAM,20KB的負(fù)載存儲(chǔ)器;完全能夠滿足電機(jī)狀態(tài)和 系統(tǒng)電壓的實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)控和及時(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)電機(jī)分批自啟動(dòng)的要求。
二、系統(tǒng)組成
2套PLC電機(jī)分批自啟動(dòng)系統(tǒng)根據(jù)變電所供電方式,每一段低壓母線采用l臺(tái)PLC。系統(tǒng)硬件主要分為外圍電路和核心單元2部分。外圍電路主要完成母線電 壓、電機(jī)運(yùn)行狀態(tài)等信號(hào)的采集、處理和轉(zhuǎn)換以及電機(jī)啟動(dòng)指令的驅(qū)動(dòng)等。核心單元(即PLC)主要完成信號(hào)處理,發(fā)出電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)指令。
2.1外圍電路
外圍電路主要包括以下幾個(gè)部分:
1、母線電壓采樣監(jiān)測(cè)。它通過(guò)1個(gè)電流型電壓變送器將0—380V交流母線電壓轉(zhuǎn)換為4*20mA直流信號(hào)。
2、電機(jī)運(yùn)行狀態(tài)信號(hào)監(jiān)控。電機(jī)運(yùn)行狀態(tài)信號(hào)通過(guò)電機(jī)控制回路中的1個(gè)干接點(diǎn)輸入到PLC的輸入模塊。所有信號(hào)的輸入都經(jīng)過(guò)光藕隔離,以提高抗干擾能力。
3、電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)單元。電機(jī)啟動(dòng)信號(hào)由PLC發(fā)出,輸出單元不直接驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī),而是通過(guò)1個(gè)220V、10A AC的中間繼電器帶動(dòng)電機(jī)操作回路。這樣一方面提高了驅(qū)動(dòng)能力,另一方面使得電氣操作回路和PLC控制回路分隔,提高了系統(tǒng)的安全可靠性。
2.2核心單元
根據(jù)系統(tǒng)的要求,其核心PLC主要有以下幾部分:
1、CPU313及系統(tǒng)軟件。它完成電壓和電機(jī)運(yùn)行狀態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè),實(shí)時(shí)進(jìn)行邏輯判斷,發(fā)出電機(jī)分批自啟動(dòng)指令。CPU313有4種操作選擇:RUN—P、RUN、STOP和MRES運(yùn)行方式。
2、模擬量輸入模塊SM331(8路輸入)。它把電壓變送器輸入的4-20mA的模擬量轉(zhuǎn)換為數(shù)字信號(hào),并將數(shù)字信號(hào)送到PI,C的控制單元,以供PLC做出電壓判斷。
3、數(shù)字量輸入模塊SM321。16路輸入2個(gè),32路輸入1個(gè),完成62臺(tái)電機(jī)運(yùn)行狀態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)和PLC電機(jī)分批自啟動(dòng)系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行、調(diào)試狀態(tài)監(jiān)側(cè),電機(jī)運(yùn)行狀態(tài)信號(hào)通過(guò)電機(jī)操作回路中的接觸器輔助接點(diǎn)接至該模塊。
4、數(shù)字量輸出模塊SM322(輸出8路)。接受PLC控制單元的指令,完成電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)信號(hào)輸出,通過(guò)出口中間繼電器,驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)操作回路,完成電機(jī)分批自啟動(dòng)。
三、系統(tǒng)軟件設(shè)計(jì)
電機(jī)分批自啟動(dòng)系統(tǒng)軟件主要任務(wù)為:
1、完成系統(tǒng)初始化;
2、正常狀態(tài)下的數(shù)據(jù)監(jiān)測(cè);
3、電網(wǎng)電壓出現(xiàn)波動(dòng)后,即電網(wǎng)電壓降至70%,所有電機(jī)都會(huì)因?yàn)殡姎獗Wo(hù)裝置而強(qiáng)制退出運(yùn)行,在此之前,程序已經(jīng)做出判斷并鎖存電機(jī)狀態(tài)信號(hào);
4、當(dāng)電力系統(tǒng)恢復(fù)正常(3s內(nèi),母線電壓恢復(fù)至95%)時(shí),程序依據(jù)故障前保存的電機(jī)狀態(tài)信號(hào)、對(duì)具備白啟動(dòng)條件的電機(jī)。按照順序分批發(fā)出啟動(dòng)信號(hào),使其恢復(fù)運(yùn)行;
5、無(wú)論在正常狀態(tài)下或是在電機(jī)自啟動(dòng)過(guò)程中,PLC均實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)側(cè)母線電壓;
6、通信接口程序。包括系統(tǒng)監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)和故障信息,PLC將采集的母線電壓信息、電機(jī)啟動(dòng)狀態(tài)信息傳輸?shù)缴衔粰C(jī)或DCS系統(tǒng),便于維護(hù)人員實(shí)時(shí)了解設(shè)備運(yùn)行狀況。
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