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AM聚丙烯酰胺的合成及工藝物理特性：PAM由丙烯腈與水在骨架銅催化劑作用下直接反響生成聚丙烯酰胺再經(jīng)離子交流聚合單調(diào)，等工序即得廢品，工藝簡(jiǎn)介如下：催化劑：催化水合CH2=CHCN+H2O 濕度 CH2=CHCONH2 聚合nCH2=CHCONH2-引發(fā)劑-CH2CHCONH2

    聚丙烯酰胺工業(yè)用處：聚丙烯酸胺(PAM)分子量高、水溶性好、可調(diào)理分子量，并能夠引進(jìn)各種離子基團(tuán)以得到特定的性能。低分子量是分散資料有效增調(diào)劑或穩(wěn)定劑，高分子量是重要的絮凝劑，它能夠制造出親水而水不溶性的凝膠，它對(duì)許多團(tuán)體外表和溶解物質(zhì)有良可以作為凈水藥劑使用，也可以在造紙領(lǐng)域被當(dāng)做助留劑使用，部分造紙使用草漿纖維較短，細(xì)胞雜質(zhì)較高，導(dǎo)致了紙張強(qiáng)度較差，抄紙過(guò)程中濾水困難。對(duì)于此問(wèn)題處理辦法有兩種：機(jī)械截留和膠體絮凝。

機(jī)械截留類似于過(guò)濾作用，它適用于紙張中（PAM）是一種線型水溶性高分子，是水溶性高分子化合物中應(yīng)用最為廣泛的品種之一，PAM及其衍生物可以用作高效的絮凝劑、增稠劑、紙張?jiān)鰪?qiáng)劑以及液體的減阻劑，廣泛應(yīng)用于水處理、造紙、石油、煤炭、礦冶、地質(zhì)、輕紡、建筑等工業(yè)部門。

    非離子聚丙烯酰胺

用途： 1、污水處理劑  當(dāng)懸浮性污水顯酸性時(shí)，采用非離子聚丙烯酰胺作絮凝劑較為合適，這是PAM起吸附架橋作用，使懸浮的粒子產(chǎn)生絮凝沉淀，達(dá)到凈化污水的目的。也可用于自來(lái)水的凈化，尤其是和無(wú)機(jī)絮凝劑配合使用，在水處理中效。

      2、紡織工業(yè)助劑  添加一些化學(xué)品可配成化學(xué)資料，用于紡織品上漿。

      3、防沙固沙  將非離子聚丙烯酰胺溶成0.3%濃度加入交聯(lián)劑，噴灑在沙漠上可起到防沙固沙的作用。

      4、土壤保濕劑  用作土壤保濕劑和各種改性聚丙烯酰胺的基礎(chǔ)原料。

    陽(yáng)離子聚丙烯酰胺:

用途：1、污泥脫水   根據(jù)污泥性質(zhì)可選用本產(chǎn)品的相應(yīng)牌號(hào)，可有效在污泥進(jìn)入壓濾之前進(jìn)行重力污泥脫水。脫水時(shí)，產(chǎn)生絮團(tuán)大，不粘濾布，在壓濾時(shí)不流散、用量少、脫水效率高、泥餅含水率在80%以下。

         2、污水和有機(jī)廢水的處理  本產(chǎn)品在酸性或堿性介質(zhì)中均呈現(xiàn)陽(yáng)電性，這樣對(duì)污水中懸浮顆粒帶陰電荷的污水進(jìn)行絮凝沉淀，澄清是極為有效的，如酒精廠廢水、啤酒廠廢水、味精廠廢水、制糖廠廢水、肉食品廠廢水、飲料廠廢水、紡織印染廠的廢水等。用陽(yáng)離子聚丙烯酰胺要比用陰離子聚丙烯酰胺，非離子聚丙烯酰胺或無(wú)機(jī)鹽效果要高數(shù)倍或數(shù)十倍，因?yàn)檫@類廢水普遍帶有陰電荷。

         3、自來(lái)水廠水處理絮凝劑  該產(chǎn)品具有用量少、效果好、成本低等特點(diǎn)。特別是和無(wú)機(jī)絮凝劑復(fù)配使用效果更好。

         4、油田化學(xué)品  如粘土防膨劑、油田酸化用稠化劑品等。(PAM) is a linear water-soluble polymer, which is one of the most widely used varieties of water-soluble polymer compounds. PAM and its derivatives can be used as efficient flocculants, thickeners, paper enhancers and liquid drag reducing agents. They are widely used in water treatment, paper making, petroleum, coal, mining, bllurgy, geology, light textile, construction and other industrial sectors.
Nonionic polyacrylamide
Uses: 1. When the suspended sewage is acidic, it is more appropriate to use non-ionic polyacrylamide as flocculant. This is because PAM acts as an adsorption bridge to make suspended particles flocculate and precipitate, so as to purify the sewage. It can also be used to purify tap water, especially in combination with inorganic flocculants, and has the best effect in water treatment.
2. Adding some chemicals to textile industry auxiliaries can be used to compose chemical data for textile sizing.
3. Dissolve non-ionic polyacrylamide into 0.3% concentration and add crossbing agent in sand control and sand fixation. Spraying on desert can play a role in sand control and sand fixation.
4. Soil moisturizers are used as basic materials of soil moisturizers and various modified polyacrylamides.
Cationic polyacrylamide:




Usage: 1. Sludge dewatering can choose the corresponding brand of this product according to the nature of sludge, which can effectively dewatering gravity sludge before the sludge enters the filter press. When dewatering, it produces large flocs, non-sticking filter cloth, non-dispersing, less dosage, high dewatering efficiency and less than 80% moisture content of mud cake.
2. The treatment of sewage and organic wastewater shows positive electricity in acidic or alkaline medium, so flocculation and precipitation of sewage with negative charge of suspended particles in sewage is very effective, such as wastewater from alcohol factory, brewery, monosodium glutamate factory, sugar factory, meat food factory, beverage factory and textile printing and dyeing factory. Cationic polyacrylamide is several or tens of times more effective than anionic polyacrylamide, nonionic polyacrylamide or inorganic salts, because such wastewater generally has negative charges.
3. Water treatment flocculant in Waterworks has the characteristics of low dosage, good effect and low cost. Especially, the combination of inorganic flocculant and inorganic flocculant has better effect.
4. Oilfield chemicals such as clay anti-swelling agents and thickeners for oilfield acidification.
5. Paper reinforcer cationic PAM is a water-soluble cationic polymer containing carbamoyl group. It has the functions of reinforcement, retention and filter aid. It can effectively improve the strength of paper. At the same time, the product is also a highly effective dispersant.
Anionic polyacrylamide
Uses: 1. Industrial wastewater treatment has the best effect on sewage treatment, such as coarse suspended particles, high concentration, positive charges of particles, neutral or alkaline PH value of water, iron and steel plant wastewater, electroplating plant wastewater, bllurgical wastewater, coal washing wastewater, etc.
2. Drinking water treatment in many Waterworks of our country comes from rivers. The content of sediment and minerals is high and turbid. Although it can't meet the requirements after sedimentation and filtration, it needs to add flocculant. The dosage of flocculant is 1/50 of inorganic flocculant, but the effect is several times that of inorganic flocculant. Inorganic flocculant and cationic flocculation of our company can be used for river water seriously polluted by organic matter. The effect of acrylamide is better.
3. Recycling of lost starch grains in starch factories and alcohol factories now contains a lot of starch in the wastewater of many starch factories. Anionic polyacrylamide is added to flocculate and precipitate starch particles, and then the precipitate is filtered into cake shape by pressure filter, which can be used as feed. Alcohol in alcohol factories can also be dehydrated by anionic polyacrylamide and reclaimed by pressure filter.

         5、 造紙助劑  陽(yáng)離子PAM紙張?jiān)鰪?qiáng)劑是一種含氨基甲酰基的水溶性陽(yáng)離子聚合物，具有增強(qiáng)、助留、助濾等功能，可有效地提高紙的強(qiáng)度，同時(shí)該產(chǎn)品也是一種高效分散劑。

    陰離子聚丙烯酰胺

用途：1、工業(yè)廢水處理  對(duì)于懸浮顆粒較粗、濃度高、粒子帶陽(yáng)電荷，水的PH值為中性或堿性的污水，鋼鐵廠廢水、電鍍廠廢水、冶金廢水、洗煤廢水等污水處理，效果

     2、飲用水處理  我國(guó)很多自來(lái)水廠的水源來(lái)自江河，泥沙及礦物質(zhì)含量高，比較渾濁，雖經(jīng)過(guò)沉淀過(guò)濾，仍不能達(dá)到要求，需要投加絮凝劑，投加量是無(wú)機(jī)絮凝劑的1/50，但效果是無(wú)機(jī)絮凝劑的幾倍，對(duì)于機(jī)物污染嚴(yán)重的江河水可采用無(wú)機(jī)絮凝劑和我公司的陽(yáng)離子聚丙烯酰胺配合使用效果更好。

    3、淀粉廠及酒精廠的流失淀粉酒糟的回收  現(xiàn)在很多淀粉廠的廢水內(nèi)含淀粉很多，現(xiàn)投加陰離子聚丙烯酰胺，使淀粉微粒絮凝沉淀，然后將沉淀物經(jīng)壓濾機(jī)壓濾變成餅狀，可作飼料，酒精廠的酒精也可采用陰離子聚丙烯酰胺脫水，壓濾進(jìn)行回收。
較長(zhǎng)部分纖維，纖細(xì)組分隱藏高的原因無(wú)法由此說(shuō)明，助留劑的助留作用也無(wú)法用此解釋；

膠體絮凝作用為：凝聚作用和絮凝作用。分子量較小或者無(wú)機(jī)鹽、電荷密度較高的聚合物使膠體懸浮液穩(wěn)定性喪失從而發(fā)生絮聚作用稱之為凝聚作用，經(jīng)過(guò)電荷中和、異相凝聚和補(bǔ)綴作用幾種方法產(chǎn)生的沉積物。聚合氯化鋁是指聚凝作用中所提到的無(wú)機(jī)鹽。電荷密度較高的聚合物。

運(yùn)用聚合氯化鋁處理了造紙進(jìn)程由酸性改為中、堿性規(guī)模，紙漿中的陰離子雜質(zhì)的問(wèn)題，紙機(jī)操作以及紙質(zhì)量的一系列問(wèn)題，聚合氯化鋁帶有陽(yáng)電荷，可以有效的控制陰離子的作用，有利于紙張濾水性 改善，聚合氯化鋁極容易在纖維外表形成吸附，還可以將帶有負(fù)電荷的填料和纖維吸附，使細(xì)料的藏著率有效的提高，漿料的濾水功效得到進(jìn)一步的改善好的粘附力。由于以上性能PAM普遍應(yīng)用于絮凝、增稠、減阻、擬膠、粘結(jié)、阻垢等范疇 。

    陰離子聚丙烯酰胺依據(jù)不同用處和用戶對(duì)產(chǎn)品性能的央求，可選用不同分子量運(yùn)用。

    在工業(yè)廢水處置中，特別是關(guān)于懸浮顆粒、較粗、濃度高、粒子帶陽(yáng)電荷，水的PH值為中性工堿性的污水如鋼鐵廠廢水，電鍍廠廢水，冶金廢水，洗煤廢水等污水處置效果很好。

    在飲用水處置。我國(guó)很多自來(lái)水廠的水源自江河泥少及礦物質(zhì)含量高，比擬混濁，雖經(jīng)過(guò)沉淀處置，但仍達(dá)不到央求，需求投加絮凝劑，才干使水質(zhì)變清，很多自來(lái)水廠采用無(wú)機(jī)絮凝劑，但投加量大，構(gòu)成污泥量增大效果不好，采用陰離子聚丙烯酰胺作絮凝劑，投加量是無(wú)機(jī)絮凝的50分之一但效果是無(wú)機(jī)絮凝劑的幾倍至幾十倍，特別是我公司消費(fèi)的聚丙烯酰胺，剩余單體已抵達(dá)食品級(jí)(小于0.05%)，接近國(guó)外先進(jìn)程度，，對(duì)處置飲用水更為合適，關(guān)于有機(jī)物污染嚴(yán)重的江河水和陰離子聚丙烯酰胺配合運(yùn)用效果更好。

    聚丙烯酰胺用作淀粉廠及酒精廠的流失淀粉及酒糟的回收。往常很多淀粉廠排出的廢水內(nèi)淀粉很高，排放之后影響環(huán)境，糜費(fèi)資源，投加PAM，使淀粉沉淀，沉淀物經(jīng)壓濾機(jī)壓濾變成餅類可作飼料，酒精廠大量的酒糟就是采用這種工藝加工的，黑龍江某酒精廠就是聚丙烯酰胺作絮凝劑，對(duì)酒糟中止回收的而且獲得了很大的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。

    聚丙烯酰胺用作油田調(diào)剖堵水的堵水劑，三次采油的驅(qū)油劑。

    聚丙烯酰胺用作造紙助劑，PAM在造紙方面用處很普遍，可作為長(zhǎng)纖維造紙分散劑，干濕加強(qiáng)劑，助留，助濾劑及造紙廢水的絮凝劑等。

    最新型的水處置劑聚丙烯酰胺，在很多場(chǎng)所處置污水和上水時(shí)，陰離子聚丙烯酰胺和陽(yáng)離子聚丙烯酰胺配合運(yùn)用要比單獨(dú)運(yùn)用一種離子型聚丙烯酰胺產(chǎn)生十分顯著和協(xié)同效應(yīng)，PAM對(duì)降低外表張力的才干要遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于同條件下陽(yáng)離子或陰離子單獨(dú)存在的才干，為抵達(dá)降低外表張力的央求，需求同時(shí)運(yùn)用陰離子和陽(yáng)離子聚丙烯酰胺，便兩者如運(yùn)用不當(dāng)，會(huì)產(chǎn)生白色沉淀物，失去運(yùn)用效果 。而PAM具有兩性離子的特性，它能夠完成陰離子、陽(yáng)離子的配合協(xié)同作用，面沒(méi)有任何沉淀物的產(chǎn)生，特別是對(duì)水質(zhì)狀況比擬復(fù)雜或水的性質(zhì)經(jīng)常變化的，運(yùn)用PAM作為處置絮凝劑更為便當(dāng)，效果更好。

    在污水預(yù)處置中采用的污泥取自以錢塘江水為水源的沉淀池，該水廠以聚合氯化鋁PAC為絮凝劑。污泥經(jīng)自然濃縮到含固率為2.7%～2.8%，經(jīng)測(cè)定，污泥中有機(jī)物含量為12.1%，sj如含量為52.1%，Al。含量為20.2%。 PAM有陽(yáng)離子型、陰離子型和非離子型三品種型。非離子型PAM溶解速度較慢，普通不用于污泥預(yù)處置，因而實(shí)驗(yàn)僅選用兩種有代表性的陽(yáng)離子聚丙烯酰胺和陰離子聚丙烯酰胺。陽(yáng)離子型PAM分子量1200萬(wàn)，丙烯酰胺單體含量0.012%。陰離子型PAM分子量1250萬(wàn)，丙烯酰胺單體含量0.013％。兩種PAM配制濃度均為0.05％%，冰箱冷藏24h后運(yùn)用。

    (1)PAM預(yù)處置污泥取lOOml污泥，放入300ml的燒杯中，采用六聯(lián)攪拌機(jī)以1130rpm的轉(zhuǎn)速快 速攪拌30s后疾速投加～定量制備好的PAM，繼續(xù)以lOOrpm的轉(zhuǎn)速攪拌30s， 然后降低攪拌機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速到20～30rpm慢速攪拌60s促進(jìn)絮凝。分別測(cè)定預(yù)處置后污泥的比阻、毛細(xì)吸水時(shí)間(CST)、過(guò)濾液的粘度和離心液的粘度。

    (2)比阻按考克力(Coackley)提出的實(shí)驗(yàn)辦法，采用布氏漏斗實(shí)驗(yàn)。布氏漏斗的直徑為80mm，濾紙采用由70mm定量中速濾紙，實(shí)驗(yàn)真空度控制為0.01MPa。實(shí)驗(yàn)反復(fù)3次取均勻值。

    (3)為了降低比阻，進(jìn)步污泥脫水效果，在污泥脫水前普通均需對(duì)污泥中止預(yù)處置。污泥預(yù)處置的辦法有冰凍一凍結(jié)預(yù)處置、熱處置、酸處置、堿處置、石灰預(yù)處置和高分子絮凝劑預(yù)處置等，其中高分子絮凝劑聚丙烯酰胺(PAM) 預(yù)處置是目前國(guó)內(nèi)外采用最普遍的預(yù)處置辦法。

    (4) 聚丙烯酰胺絮凝劑預(yù)處置普通占整個(gè)污泥處置費(fèi)用較高的比例，因而，聚丙烯酰胺的優(yōu)化選擇和投加率的合理肯定對(duì)降低污泥預(yù)處置費(fèi)用相當(dāng)關(guān)鍵。對(duì)選擇聚丙烯酰胺的實(shí)驗(yàn)辦法的研討已展開多年，包括比阻、CST值、污泥流變性、分別液粘度、活動(dòng)電流等。The synthesis and process physical properties of AM polyacrylamide: PAM is prepared by direct reb of acrylonitrile with water under the b of framework copper catalyst, and then dried by ion exchange polymerization. The process is as follows: catalyst: catalytic hydration CH2 = CHCN + H2 humidity CH2 = CHCONH2 polymerization nCH2 = CHCONH2 - initiator - CH2CHCONH2
Industrial uses of polyacrylamide: Polyacrylamide (PAM) has high molecular weight, good water solubility, adjustable molecular weight, and can introduce various ionic groups to obtain specific properties. Low molecular weight is an effective additive or stabilizer for dispersing materials. High molecular weight is an important flocculant. It can produce hydrophilic and water-insoluble gel, which has good adhesion to many groups of surface and dissolved substances. Because of the above properties, PAM is widely used in flocculation, thickening, drag reduction, glue imitation, bonding, scale inhibition and other fields.
Anionic polyacrylamide can be used in different molecular weights according to different uses and user's requirements for product perbance.
In industrial wastewater treatment, especially for suspended particles, coarser, high concentration, positive charged particles, neutral and alkaline wastewater such as iron and steel plant wastewater, electroplating plant wastewater, bllurgical wastewater, coal washing wastewater and other wastewater treatment effect is very good.
In drinking water treatment. The water source of many Waterworks in our country is low in mud and high in mineral content, which is turbid. Although it has been treated by precipitation, it still can not meet the requirements. Flocculants are needed to make the water quality b. Many waterworks use inorganic flocculants, but the amount of inorganic flocculants is large, resulting in poor effect of sludge increase. Anionic polyacrylamide  acrylamide monomer was 0.012%. The molecular weight of anionic PAM was 12.5 million and the content of acrylamide monomer was 0.013%. The concentration of two kinds of PAM is 0.05%. They are used after refrigeration for 24 hours.
(1) PAM pretreatment sludge takes lOml sludge and puts it into a 300 ml beaker. Six-unit mixers are used to mix at 1130 RPM speed for 30 seconds, and then the PAM is added to the sludge quickly and quantitatively. The PAM is stirred at lOOrpm speed for 30 seconds, then the speed of the mixer is reduced to 20-30 rpm and the slow stirring speed is 60 seconds to promote flocculation. The specific resistance of pretreated sludge, capillary water absorption time (CST), the viscosity of filtrate and the viscosity of centrifuge were measured.
(2) The specific resistance is tested by Brinell funnel according to the test b proposed by Coackley. The diameter of Brinell funnel is 80 mm. The filter paper is made of 70 mm medium speed filter paper. The vacuum degree of the test is controlled to 0.01 MPa. The experiment was repeated three times to get the average value.
(3) In order to reduce specific resistance and improve sludge dewatering effect, sludge should be pretreated before sludge dewatering. Sludge pretreatment bs include freeze-thaw pretreatment, heat treatment, acid treatment, alkali treatment, lime pretreatment and polymer flocculant pretreatment. Polymer flocculant polyacrylamide (PAM) pretreatment is the most widely used pretreatment b at home and abroad.

    (5)實(shí)驗(yàn)研討標(biāo)明：投加陽(yáng)離子型和陰離子型PAM后污泥比阻都降低近2個(gè)數(shù)量級(jí)，顯著改善了污泥的脫水性能。陰離子型P投加率為0.3kg/T干污泥，陽(yáng)離子聚丙烯酰胺絮凝為1.5kg/T于污泥，可見(jiàn)陰離子型PAM的投加率遠(yuǎn)小于陽(yáng)離子型PAM的投加率，且陰離子型PAM的價(jià)錢約是陽(yáng)離子型PAM價(jià)錢的1/2，故陰離子型PAM可作為自來(lái)水廠污泥預(yù)處置藥劑的首選。

    (6)依據(jù)CST值變化肯定PAM最投加率與測(cè)定比阻得到的最投加率分歧。并且CST值與比阻之間存在線性相關(guān)關(guān)系，比阻值越大，CST值越大，因而能夠采用CST值來(lái)近似替代污泥比阻反映污泥的脫水性能。與比阻相比，cST值測(cè)定快速、煩瑣，不但適用于實(shí)驗(yàn)室研討，還可用于消費(fèi)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)，快速理解污泥脫水性能的變化，使操作人員及時(shí)調(diào)楚PAM投加率，儉省藥劑費(fèi)。is used as flocculant, and the dosage is inorganic flocculant. One fiftieth of the flocculants, but the effect is several times to dozens of times that of inorganic flocculants. Especially the polyacrylamide produced by our company, the residual monomers have reached the food grade (less than 0.05%), close to the advanced level abroad, non-toxic, more suitable for the treatment of drinking water, and better for the use of organic pollutants polluted river water and anionic polyacrylamide.
Polyacrylamide is used to recover lost starch and distiller's grains in starch and alcohol factories. At present, the starch in the waste water discharged by many starch factories is very high. After discharging, it affects the environment, wastes resources, and adds PAM to make starch precipitate. The precipitate is filtered by pressure filter to become cake and can be used as feed. A large number of distillers'grains in the alcohol factories are processed by this process. A certain alcohol factory in Heilongjiang Province uses polyacrylamide as flocculant, which recycles the distillers' grains and obtains a great deal of experience. Economic benefits.
Polyacrylamide is used as water shutoff agent for profile control and water shutoff in Oilfield and oil displacement agent for tertiary oil recovery.
Polyacrylamide is used as paper-making additive. PAM is widely used in paper-making. It can be used as long fiber paper-making dispersant, wet and dry reinforcing agent, retention aid, filter aid and flocculant of paper-making wastewater.
The latest type of water treatment agent polyacrylamide, when treating sewage and water in many occasions, the combination of anionic polyacrylamide and cationic polyacrylamide has a very significant and synergistic effect than using one kind of ionic polyacrylamide alone. The ability of PAM to reduce surface tension is much greater than the ability of cations or anions existing alone under the same conditions. For the requirement of low surface tension, both anionic and cationic polyacrylamide need to be used at the same time. If they are used improperly, white precipitates will be produced and the effect of using them will be lost. PAM has the characteristics of amphoteric ions. It can complete the coordination of anions and cations. There is no precipitate on the surface. Especially, it is more convenient to use PAM as a flocculant because of the complex water quality or the changeable nature of water.
The sludge used in sewage pretreatment is taken from the sedimentation tank with Qiantang River water as its source of water, and PAC is used as a flocculant in the water plant. The sludge was naturally concentrated to a solid content of 2.7%-2.8%. The organic matter content in the sludge was 12.1%, SJ content was 52.1%, Al content was determined. The content was 20.2%. There are three types of PAM: cationic, anionic and nonionic. Non-ionic PAM dissolves slowly and is generally not used for sludge pretreatment. Therefore, only two representative cationic polyacrylamides and anionic polyacrylamides are selected in the experiment. The molecular weight of cationic PAM was 12 million and the content of

    (7)不管是陽(yáng)離子聚丙烯酰胺絮凝劑還是陰離子聚丙烯酰胺絮凝劑，隨著投加率的增加，濾液和離心液粘度都呈現(xiàn)與比阻和CST值類似的變化規(guī)律，呈現(xiàn)了明顯的最小值，而且該最小值對(duì)應(yīng)投加率與污泥比阻和CS率根本分歧。該辦法斷定快速、簡(jiǎn)單，而且還有可能用作消費(fèi)上在線控制PAint最 佳投加率的參數(shù)，但其在消費(fèi)上的應(yīng)用還需做進(jìn)一步的實(shí)驗(yàn)研討。